You definitely can. I distinctly remember one of the CFA books mentioning that a distribution with excess kurtosis (i.e, leptokurtic) has wider confidence intervals. A leptokurtic distribution is obviously not normal.
In general, a confidence interval of, say, 95% means the area under the probability density function is 0.95. The precise shape of the distribution should not matter because this condition can still be satisfied.
I suspect you are running into problems because you are thinking of confidence intervals as 1.96 x standard deviation, etc., which is a narrow definition that's only valid for normal distributions.