I think it’s clearly stated in the LOS. Somewhere in the CFAI website there’s some kind of dictionary specifying what exactly each term (calculate, interpret, discuss,…) means.
If the LOS says “calculate”, you obviously have to know the formula*. If it says “interpret”, you just have to be able to explain what a certain output of that formula means.
*Except for TVM and other stuff for which you can just use your calculator. Anyway, be careful about using the calculator without knowing the formula. If teh LOS just says, calculate, it’s ok. In any other case, you may be asked something like “what would be the effect of a x% increase in A?”, being A one of the factors of some formula. If you don’t even know whether A is in the denominator or in the numerator… good luck guessing.