"For example, I imagine there are some career tracks where one cannot advance past a certain point with an MBA;"
Nah. There are industries where past a certain point, more have it than don't, but it's never a "cannot".
In my experience, you look at executive profiles in any industry within finance, and you'll plenty have have any MBA, but there are always a few that don't. I've never been on the sell side, but it would seem to me the MBA is more common over there.